On Oct. 3, 1991, Dr. Willie W. Herenton made history as the first African-American to be elected Mayor of Memphis, Tennessee. Sixteen years later on Oct. 4, 2007, he made history again as the first Memphis mayor to be elected to five consecutive terms in office.

This stamp of voter approval was a testament to Dr. Herenton’s myriad of accomplishments as mayor. During his tenure, he has been the catalyst for significant change to the city’s social, economic and physical landscape. Under his leadership, Memphis realized a 30-year dream and secured its first major professional sports franchise?the Memphis Grizzlies. Downtown Memphis has morphed into the Mid-South’s entertainment mecca with the openings of such state-of-the-art sports and entertainment facilities as FedExForum, AutoZone Park and The Cannon Center for the Performing Arts. He did just resign as Mayor. Go to www.cityofmemphis.org.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in Memphis, Coach Bus in Memphis, Limousines in Memphis and Mini Bus in Memphis.

Call 877-743-3724.

Mayor Bloomberg is the Mayor of New York City. You can read about him at www.nyc.gov/mayor.

Mayor Bloomberg, Jon Bon Jovi, Major League Baseball Executive Vice President Tim Brosnan and President of Bank of America Global Corporate & Investment Banking Brian Moynihan announced today that Bon Jovi will play a free ticketed concert on the Great Lawn in Central Park on Saturday, July 12th at 8 p.m. The concert, sponsored by Bank of America, will take place three days before Major League Baseball’s Midsummer Classic during the last year of Yankee Stadium.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Party Bus in New York City, Party Bus in Brooklyn, New York City Party Bus, Charter Bus in New York City and Coach Bus in New York City.

Call 877-743-3724.

Having secured New York City in 1776, General Howe concentrated on capturing Philadelphia, the seat of the Revolutionary government, in 1777. He moved slowly, landing 15,000 troops in late August at the northern end of Chesapeake Bay. Washington positioned his 11,000 men between Howe and Philadelphia but was driven back at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. The Continental Congress once again abandoned Philadelphia, and on September 26, Howe finally outmaneuvered Washington and marched into the city unopposed. Washington unsuccessfully attacked the British encampment in nearby Germantown in early October and then retreated to watch and wait.

After repelling a British attack at White Marsh, Washington and his army encamped at Valley Forge in December 1777, about 20 miles (32 km) from Philadelphia, where they stayed for the next six months. Over the winter, 2,500 men (out of 10,000) died from disease and exposure. The next spring, however, the army emerged from Valley Forge in good order, thanks in part to a training program supervised by Baron von Steuben. Indeed, von Steuben introduced the most modern Prussian methods of organization and tactics.

General Clinton replaced Howe as British commander-in-chief. French entry into the war had changed British strategy, and Clinton abandoned Philadelphia in order to reinforce New York City, now vulnerable to French naval power. Washington shadowed Clinton on his withdrawal and forced a strategic victory at the battle at Monmouth on June 28, 1778, the last major battle in the north. Clinton’s army went to New York City in July, just before a French fleet under Admiral d’Estaing arrived off the American coast. Washington’s army returned to White Plains, New York, north of the city. Although both armies were back where they had been two years earlier, the nature of the war had now changed.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charte Bus in Philadelphia, Charter Bus in Nashville, Charter Bus in Oklahoma City, Charter Bus in Portland, Charter Bus in Tucson, Coach Bus in Philadelphia, Coach Bus in Nashville, Coach Bus in Oklahoma City, Coach Bus in Portland and Coach Bus in Tucson.

Call 877-743-3724.

The first of the 1777 campaigns was an expedition from Canada led by General John Burgoyne. The goal was to seize the Lake Champlain and Hudson River corridor, effectively isolating New England from the rest of the American colonies. Burgoyne’s invasion had two components: he would lead about 10,000 men along Lake Champlain towards Albany, New York, while a second column of about 2,000 men, led by Barry St. Leger, would move down the Mohawk River valley and link up with Burgoyne in Albany, New York.

Burgoyne set off in June, and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga in early July. Thereafter, his march was slowed by Americans who knocked down trees in his path. A detachment was sent out to seize supplies but was decisively defeated by American militia in August, depriving Burgoyne of nearly 1,000 men.

Meanwhile, St. Leger — half of his force Native Americans led by Sayenqueraghta — had laid siege to Fort Stanwix. American militiamen and their Native American allies marched to relieve the siege but were ambushed and scattered at the Battle of Oriskany. When a second relief expedition approached, this time led by Benedict Arnold, St. Leger broke off the siege and retreated to Canada.

Burgoyne’s army was now reduced to about 6,000 men. Despite these setbacks, he determined to push on towards Albany — a fateful decision which would later produce much controversy. An American army of 8,000 men, commanded by the General Horatio Gates, had entrenched about 10 miles (16 km) south of Saratoga, New York. Burgoyne tried to outflank the Americans but was checked at the first battle of Saratoga in September. Burgoyne’s situation was desperate, but he now hoped that help from Howe’s army in New York City might be on the way. It was not: Howe had instead sailed away on an expedition to capture Philadelphia. American militiamen flocked to Gates’ army, swelling his force to 11,000 by the beginning of October. After being badly beaten at the second battle of Saratoga, Burgoyne surrendered on October 17.

Saratoga was the turning point of the war. Revolutionary confidence and determination, suffering from Howe’s successful occupation of Philadelphia, was renewed. More importantly, the victory encouraged France to make an open alliance with the Americans, after two years of semi-secret support. For the British, the war had now become much more complicated.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in Saratoga, Charter Bus in Milwaukee, Charter Bus in Washington DC, Charter Bus in Denver, Charter Bus in Louisville, Charter Bus in Las Vegas, Coach Bus in Milwaukee, Coach Bus in Washington DC, Coach Bus in Denver, Coach Bus in Louisville and Coach Bus in Las Vegas.

Call 877-743-3724.

Having withdrawn his army from Boston, General Howe now focused on capturing New York City. To defend the city, General Washington divided his 20,000 soldiers between Long Island and Manhattan. While British troops were assembling on Staten Island for the campaign, Washington had the newly issued Declaration of American Independence read to his men. No longer was there any possibility of compromise. On August 27, 1776, after landing about 22,000 men on Long Island, the British drove the Americans back to Brooklyn Heights in the largest battle of the entire Revolution. Howe then laid siege to fortifications there, but Washington managed to evacuate his army to Manhattan.

On September 15, Howe landed about 12,000 men on lower Manhattan, quickly taking control of New York City. The Americans withdrew to Harlem Heights, where they skirmished the next day but held their ground. When Howe moved to encircle Washington’s army in October, the Americans again fell back, and a battle at White Plains was fought on October 28. Once more Washington retreated, and Howe returned to Manhattan and captured Fort Washington in mid November, taking about 2,000 prisoners (with an additional 1,000 having been captured during the battle for Long Island). Thus began the infamous “prison ships” system the British maintained in New York for the remainder of the war, in which more American soldiers and sailors died of neglect than died in every battle of the entire war, combined.

General Lord Cornwallis continued to chase Washington’s army through New Jersey, until the Americans withdrew across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania in early December. With the campaign at an apparent conclusion for the season, the British entered winter quarters. Although Howe had missed several opportunities to crush the diminishing American army, he had killed or captured over 5,000 Americans.

The outlook of the Continental Army was bleak. “These are the times that try men’s souls,” wrote Thomas Paine, who was with the army on the retreat. The army had dwindled to fewer than 5,000 men fit for duty, and would be reduced to 1,400 after enlistments expired at the end of the year. Congress had abandoned Philadelphia in despair, although popular resistance to British occupation was growing in the countryside.

Washington decided to take the offensive, stealthily crossing the Delaware on Christmas night and capturing nearly 1,000 Hessians at the Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776. Cornwallis marched to retake Trenton but was outmaneuvered by Washington, who successfully attacked the British rearguard at Princeton on January 3, 1777. Washington then entered winter quarters at Morristown, New Jersey, having given a morale boost to the American cause. New Jersey militia continued to harass British and Hessian forces throughout the winter, forcing the British to retreat to their base in and around New York City.

At every stage the British strategy assumed a large base of Loyalist supporters would rally to the King given some military support. In February 1776 Clinton took 2,000 men and a naval squadron to invade North Carolina, which he called off when he learned the Loyalists had been crushed at the Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge. In June he tried to seize Charleston, South Carolina, the leading port in the South, hoping for a simultaneous rising in South Carolina. It seemed a cheap way of waging the war but it failed as the naval force was defeated by the forts and because no local Loyalists attacked the town from behind. The loyalists were too poorly organized to be effective, but as late as 1781 senior officials in London, misled by Loyalist exiles, placed their confidence in their rising.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in New York City, Charter Bus in Brooklyn, Charter Bus in New Jersey, Charter Bus in Newark, Charter Bus in Jersey City, Charter Bus in Elizabeth, Coach Bus in New York City, Coach Bus in Brooklyn, Coach Bus in Newark, Coach Bus in Jersey City and Coach Bus in Elizabeth.

Call 877-743-3724.

Before the war, Boston had been the scene of much revolutionary activity, leading to the Massachusetts Government Act that ended home rule as a punishment in 1774. Popular resistance to these measures, however, compelled the newly appointed royal officials in Massachusetts to resign or to seek refuge in Boston. Lieutenant General Thomas Gage, the British North American commander-in chief, commanded four regiments of British regulars (about 4,000 men) from his headquarters in Boston, but the countryside was in the hands of the Revolutionaries.

On the night of April 18, 1775, General Gage sent 700 men to seize munitions stored by the colonial militia at Concord, Massachusetts. Riders including Paul Revere alerted the countryside, and when British troops entered Lexington on the morning of April 19, they found 77 minutemen formed up on the village green. Shots were exchanged, killing several minutemen. The British moved on to Concord, where a detachment of three companies was engaged and routed at the North Bridge by a force of 500 minutemen. As the British retreated back to Boston, thousands of militiamen attacked them along the roads, inflicting great damage before timely British reinforcements prevented a total disaster. With the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the war had begun.

The militia converged on Boston, bottling up the British in the city. About 4,500 more British soldiers arrived by sea, and on June 17, 1775, British forces under General William Howe seized the Charlestown peninsula at the Battle of Bunker Hill. The Americans fell back, but British losses were so heavy that the attack was not followed up. The siege was not broken, and Gage was soon replaced by Howe as the British commander-in-chief.

In July 1775, newly appointed General Washington arrived outside Boston to take charge of the colonial forces and to organize the Continental Army. Realizing his army’s desperate shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources. Arsenals were raided and some manufacturing was attempted; 90% of the supply (2 million pounds) was imported by the end of 1776, mostly from France.

The standoff continued throughout the fall and winter. In early March 1776, heavy cannons that the patriots had captured at Fort Ticonderoga were placed on Dorchester Heights by Major Henry Knox. Since the artillery now overlooked the British positions, Howe’s situation was untenable, and the British fled on March 17, 1776, sailing to their naval base at Halifax, Nova Scotia  Washington then moved most of the Continental Army to fortify New York City.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in Boston, Charter Bus in Fort Worth, Charter Bus in Baltimore, Charter Bus in Charlotte, Charter Bus in El Paso, Coach Bus in Boston, Coach Bus in Fort Worth, Coach Bus in Baltimore, Coach Bus in Charlotte, Coach Bus in El Paso and Coach Bus in Los Angeles.

Call 877-743-3724.

Most Native Americans east of the Mississippi River were affected by the war, and many communities were divided over the question of how to respond to the conflict. Most Native Americans opposed the United States, since native lands were threatened by expanding American settlement. An estimated 13,000 warriors fought on the British side; the largest group, the Iroquois Confederacy, fielded about 1,500 men.

^{www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in Jacksonville, Charter Bus in Indianapolis, Charter Bus in Columbus, Charter Bus in Austin, Charter Bus in Memphis, Coach Bus in Jacksonville, Coach Bus in Indianapolis, Coach Bus in Columbus, Coach Bus in Austin, Coach Bus in Memphis and Coach Bus in San Francisco.}

^{Call 877-743-3724.}

African Americans — slave and free — served on both sides during the war. The British actively recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters. Because of manpower shortages, George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in the Continental Army in January 1776. Small all-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts; many were slaves promised freedom for serving. Another all-black unit came from Haiti with French forces. At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause and more than 20,000 black soldiers fought on the British side.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in Phoenix, Charter Bus in San Diego, Charter Bus in Dallas, Charter Bus in San Jose, Charter Bus in Detroit, Coach Bus in Phoenix, Coach Bus in San Diego, Coach Bus in Dallas, Coach Bus in San Jose, Coach Bus in Detroit and Charter Bus in San Francisco.

Call 877-743-3724.

Katy Perry’s mix of sass and spunk combines the cheeky, club-ready pop music of Lily Allen with the commercial pop/rock of Avril Lavigne and Alanis Morissette. Born on October 25, 1984, in Santa Barbara, CA, Perry grew up in a Christian household as the daughter of two pastors. Though she was not allowed to listen to secular music as a child, Perry later found herself captivated by Alanis Morissette and Freddie Mercury, having discovered Queen’s music during a slumber party. Religious music remained at the forefront, however, and Perry released a self-titled Christian album in 2001 under the name Katy Hudson. She would later abandon the genre in favor of a pop career. At age 17, the burgeoning songwriter began working with hitmaker Glen Ballard, who had produced and co-written Alanis Morissette’s chart-topping Jagged Little Pill in 1995. Several years later, she teamed up with the Matrix, a Grammy-nominated production/songwriting team whose résumé included collaborations with Avril Lavigne, Shakira, and Korn. The Matrix had plans to record their own album, with Perry serving as one of the group’s two singers. The project was ultimately shelved, but not before Perry appeared in a 2004 write-up by Blender magazine, who hailed her as “The Next Big Thing!” With the Matrix’s unreleased album sitting in the vaults at Sony Records, Perry went back to the drawing board and ultimately signed with Columbia in 2007. Her debut single, “UR So Gay,” generated some online buzz with its mischievous lyrics and accompanying music video, and Perry’s audience grew accordingly. In 2008 her debut album, One of the Boys, was released, and she helped promote it by joining the summer’s Warped Tour and appearing in an episode of The Young and the Restless. Check her out at www.katyperry.com.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in Los Angeles, Charter Bus in New York City, Charter Bus in San Francisco, Charter Bus in Philadelphia, Charter Bus in Houston, Coach Bus in Los Angeles, Coach Bus in San Francisco, Coach Bus in Philadelphia and Coach Bus in Houston.

Call 877-743-3724.

Charismatic Southern rapper Lil Wayne began his industry ascendancy as one of the Hot Boys, a short-lived Cash Money Records all-star group, and after establishing himself as a successful solo artist, he grew to become a critical favorite, known especially for his entertaining underground mix tapes. Go to www.lilwayne.com to check out his music. His current CD peaked at number one and is currently number two.

www.allstarcoachways.com offers the Charter Bus in San Antonio, Charter Bus in San Diego, Charter Bus in Dallas, Charter Bus in San Jose, Charter Bus in Jacksonville, Coach Bus in San Antonio, Coach Bus in San Diego, Coach Bus in Dallas, Coach Bus in Jacksonville and Coach Bus in San Jose.

Call 877-743-3724.